被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

一概念引入

英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

Many people speak Chinese.

許多人說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。

謂語(yǔ)speak的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)many people來(lái)執(zhí)行的。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。

Chinese is spoken by many people.

許多人說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。(漢語(yǔ)被許多人說(shuō)。)

主語(yǔ)Chinese是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。

二用法講解

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)（be動(dòng)詞+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，be動(dòng)詞隨時(shí)態(tài)變化而改變）

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：

am / is / are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

You are wanted on the phone. 有你的電話。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)：

was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

China was liberated in 1949. 1949年中國(guó)解放。

一般將來(lái)時(shí)：

will / shall be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

The problem will be discussed tomorrow.這個(gè)問(wèn)題明天會(huì)討論。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

have / has been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

Not a book in the library has been taken away. 圖書(shū)館里的書(shū)一本都沒(méi)被拿走。

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：

am / is / are being +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

My bike is being repaired. 我的自行車正在修理。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)：

had been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

The book had been borrowed when I got to the library. 我到圖書(shū)館時(shí),那本書(shū)已經(jīng)借出去了。

2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

1）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)

2）把謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（be＋過(guò)去分詞）

注意：

根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式。

3）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格

All the people laughed at him.

所有人都嘲笑他。

→He was laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory.

他們?cè)谀羌夜�廠制造自行車。

→ The bikes are made by them in the factory.

He cut down a tree.

他砍倒了一棵樹(shù)。

→ A tree was cut down by him.

4）含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。

Little Tom can work out this maths problem easily.

小湯姆能輕松地做出這道數(shù)學(xué)題。

→ This maths problem can be easily workedout by little Tom.

They should do it at once.

他們應(yīng)該立刻做那件事。

→It should be done at once.

5) 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的雙賓語(yǔ)句式: 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)+其他

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的雙賓語(yǔ)句式: 間接賓語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+其他

或:直接賓語(yǔ)+be +過(guò)去分詞+介詞(for / to)+間接賓語(yǔ)+其他

My father gave me a new book on my birthday.=

My father gave a new book to me on my birthday.

我的父親在我生日那天給我一本新書(shū)。

→ I was given a new book on my birthday (by my father).

= A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father).

My father bought me a new computer yesterday.

= My father bought a new computer to me yesterday.

我的父親昨天給我買了一臺(tái)新電腦。

→ I was bought a new computer yesterday (by my father).

= A new computer was bought for me yesterday (by my father)

6) 帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),只把賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ),原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不動(dòng)。

His teacher found him a very good pupil.

他的老師發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)很好的學(xué)生。

→ He was found a very good pupil by his teacher.

7) 在含有l(wèi)et, make, see, hear等動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句中,后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to,但在被動(dòng)句中,則要還原to。

Linda’s parents make her practice the piano every Sunday.

→Linda is made to practice the piano every Sunday.

8) 有些及物動(dòng)詞如have(有), reach, cost等, 以及有些聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞如smell, taste, sound, feel等,不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

✘Five dollars is cost by this book.

✔This book costs five dollars. 這本書(shū)花費(fèi)五美元。

✘The food is tasted nice.

✔The food tastes nice. 這種食物嘗起來(lái)很好。

三鞏固練習(xí)

把下列主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子

1. Do you sweep the floor everyday?

2. Did people in the old days grow tea?

3. We have learned Lesson 60.

4. We can’t see many of the stars.

使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯下列句子

5.我們不把英語(yǔ)當(dāng)作第一語(yǔ)言使用。

6. 這些電視機(jī)是1990年日本出產(chǎn)的。

7.法國(guó)人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)還是法語(yǔ)?

8.中國(guó)什么地方生產(chǎn)鹽?

單項(xiàng)選擇

9. Look! A big modern building _________ in our city.

A. is built

B. is being built

C. has been built

D. is building

10. Your bike can’t ______ there.

A. be put

B. is put

C. be putted

D. putted

11. Mary _______ the song at a party.

A. heard sing

B. was heard sing

C. heard to sing

D. was heard to sing

12. ______ trees usually _______ in April?

A. Have, planted

B. Are, planted

C. have, been planted

D. Do, planted

參考答案

1. Is the floor swept(by you)everyday?

2. Was tea grown by people in the old days?

3. Lesson 60 has been learned(by us).

4. Many of the stars can’t be seen (by us).

5. English isn’t used as our first language.

6. The TV sets were made in Japan in 1990.

7. Is English or French spoken by Frenchmen?

8. Where is salt produced in China?

9. B。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“在我們城里，一座現(xiàn)代化的建筑正在被建”(正在建造一座現(xiàn)代化建筑)。

10. A。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“你的自行車不能被放在那”(那兒不能停放自行車)。

11. D。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。此句中復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的不定式to不能省略。句意為“瑪麗被聽(tīng)到在宴會(huì)上唱歌”(有人聽(tīng)到瑪麗在宴會(huì)上唱歌)。

12. B。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“通常是在四月份植樹(shù)嗎?”。

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