概念

定語可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、分詞、不定式以及介詞短語等來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來充當(dāng)，充當(dāng)定語功能的句子稱為定語從句。定語從句所修飾的詞叫作先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。

定語從句“三要素”

1.先行詞：

①指人的先行詞②指物的先行詞★先行詞還可以是前面整個(gè)句子所敘述的事情。He has passed the driving test,surprises all of us. (which替代前面所敘述的事情) 先行詞

2.關(guān)系詞：

(1)關(guān)系詞的作用①替代前面的先行詞(替代作用)②連接主句和定語從句(連接作用)③在定語從句中作句子成分(成分作用)(2)關(guān)系詞的分類①標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中做的句子成分種類②關(guān)系代詞：在從句中做 主，賓，表，定(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)③關(guān)系副詞：在從句中作狀語(When/where/why)

引導(dǎo)定語從句的是關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whose,whom和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞既起連接作用,又充當(dāng)從句中的一個(gè)成分。

3.定語從句：

定語從句的分類

1.限制性定語從句：

He is a teacherworks at our school.

2.非限制性定語從句：

Beijing,is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has two more sons)

限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

1.形式不同

限制性定語從句主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開，口語中使用時(shí)也不停頓;而非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常有逗號(hào)隔開，口語中使用時(shí)有停頓。

2.功能不同

限制性定語從句用于對先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識(shí)別，如果去掉，就會(huì)造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限制性定語從句用于對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。

☛People who take physical exercise live longer.進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義)

☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，下星期回來。(若把從句去掉，句子意義仍然完整)

3.翻譯不同

在翻譯定語從句時(shí)，一般把限制性定語從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前，而把非限制性定語從句與主句分開。

☛He is the man whose car was stolen.他就是汽車被竊的那個(gè)人。

☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat.我邀請了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。

4.含義不同

比較下面的兩個(gè)句子：

☛I have a sister who is a doctor.我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè))

☛I have a sister, who is a doctor.我有一個(gè)姐姐，她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐)

5.先行詞不同

限制性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語或句子;另外，當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞或其他具有獨(dú)一無二性的普通名詞時(shí)，通常要用非限制性定語從句，而不用限制性定語從句。

☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.彼得開車很快，這是很危險(xiǎn)的。(which指drive too fast)

☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry.他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。(which指整個(gè)主句)

☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week.我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞，要用非限制性定語從句修飾)

☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad.她父親很有錢，希望她出國學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨(dú)一無二意義的普通名詞，要用非限制性定語從句修飾)

6.關(guān)系詞不同

關(guān)系詞that和why可用于限制性定語從句中，通常不用于非限制性定語從句;另外，在限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略，而在非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞一律不能省略。

定語從句的10個(gè)難點(diǎn)

1.關(guān)系代詞的省略(限定性定語從句)

(1)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語

She is the girl (whom / that)I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)

(2)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語

He is no longer the boy (that)he used to be. (可以省略that)

(3)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，介詞在從句句尾時(shí)可以省略

Housing price is a problem(that/which) people are interested in.Housing price is a problemin whichpeople are interested.(此時(shí)只能用which且不能省略)

2.先行詞是人(that/who的區(qū)別)

(1)用that的情況

①以疑問詞who開頭的句子中Who is the manis shouting there?②關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí)She is not the girlshe used to be.③先行詞被the very, the right, the only修飾This is the very personwe are looking for.

(2)用who的情況

①先行詞是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等Thosewant to go to the cinemawill have towait at the gate of the school.②句子中有兩個(gè)定語從句,一個(gè)用了that,另外一個(gè)用whoWho is the boywon the gold medal?③在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中There are many young menare against him.④在非限定性定語從句當(dāng)中Tom,is my best friend,has gone abroad to study.

3.先行詞是物(that / which的區(qū)別)

(1)用which的情況

①在非限定性定語從句中She lost the game,depressed her greatly.②關(guān)系詞置于介詞之后，作賓語The penyou writeis Jack’s.③先行詞是that或定語從句中套定語從句,一個(gè)關(guān)系詞用that,另一個(gè)用which.Let me show you the novelI borrowed from the libraryis newly open to us.

(2)關(guān)系詞只用that的情況

①先行詞是不定代詞如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等She did allshe couldto help us.②先行詞被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right，the last等所修飾時(shí)This is the very bookI want.③先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)She described in her compositions the people andhe placesimpressed her most.④先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)This is the best bookI have ever read.This is the first filmI’ve seensince I came here.⑤定語從句中套定語從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系詞以用which, 另外一個(gè)用thatHe built a factoryproduced thingshad never been seen before.⑥當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞which,另一個(gè)用thatWho is the personis standing at the gate?

關(guān)系詞只能用

①關(guān)系代詞放在介詞之后。如：

This is the factory in which we once worked. 這就是我們曾經(jīng)工作過的工廠。

②非限制性定語從句中。如：

This is a famous book, which was written by Lu Xun. 這是魯迅寫的一本有名的書。

③that， those作主語時(shí)。如：

Those which are on the desk are English books. 桌子上的那些是英語書。

用

①當(dāng)先行詞為people和those時(shí)，只能用who。如：

Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那兒的人請來這邊。

②當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)時(shí)，只能用who。如：

Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反對我們的人就是我們的敵人。

③先行詞指人，而關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，一般多用who。如：

The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天來這兒的那個(gè)人說過幾天他會(huì)再來。

4.As引導(dǎo)定語從句用法

(1)As 既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句也可以用于非限定性定句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語，表語等。

常用于以下句型當(dāng)中：Such/so….. as…. 像…..一樣 the same …. as… 和…...同樣的A computer isuseful a machinewe can use everyday.He is notmanhe was.

(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，此時(shí)譯為“正如，像”等。

As I remember, there were a net bar here.Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is known to all.★the same as...和the same that...引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別This isbikeI lost yesterday.(同一事物)This isbikeI lost yesterday. (同類事物)

5.關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用

(1)When 在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語，先行詞為表示時(shí)間的time, day等

when

I still remember the dayI first came to Beijing. (when=on which)

(2)Where 在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語，先行詞為表地點(diǎn)的place, spot等

Can you tell me the officehe works?(where = in which)

(3)Why 在定語從句中做原因狀語，先行詞只有reason.

I don’t want to listen to any reasonyou were absent.(why = for which)

where

★ 關(guān)系副詞 = 相應(yīng)的介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞★ Where引導(dǎo)的定語從句還可以修飾抽象空間的名詞如case(情形)，situation, position(位置),stage (階段)，point(地步)等What are the situationsbody languageis the only form of communication?在哪些情況下身體語言是唯一的溝通方式。(此時(shí)where = in which)

6.幾個(gè)特殊的先行詞

(1)way在定語從句中做狀語時(shí)的三種引導(dǎo)方式 that / in which / 不填

The wayhe explains the sentence to us is quite simple.比較：The way which /that/不填 he told to us was quite simple.★way在定語中作tell的賓語

(2)先行詞time

time表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句This is the first timethe president has visited the country.time作“一段時(shí)間” 講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞whenThis was the timethere were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets★此時(shí)when = during which 在..期間

(3)先行詞reason當(dāng)在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，定語從句的4種引導(dǎo)方式 why/for which/that/不填

This is the reasonhe can not come here.比較：Is this the reason that/which/不填he explained to us for his absence from the conference.★reason 在定語從句中做explain的賓語

7.介詞+關(guān)系代詞

★該結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞只有兩種即 介詞+which(指物) 介詞+whom(指人)★該結(jié)構(gòu)介詞的選用原則：

(1)根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配

This is the bookI spent $ 8.This is the bookI paid $ 8.

(2)根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣

I remember the daysI lived there.I remember the dayI graduated from university.

(3)根據(jù)整個(gè)句子所表達(dá)的意思來決定

The colorless gaswe can’t live is called oxygen.

(4)英語中為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一名詞，不定式前面也可以加上關(guān)系代詞。

Here is the money with whichto buy the piano.She is the right person on whom to depend

注意：

①如果介詞后移，關(guān)系代詞可以省略The person (whom/who/that) you will write to is Todd.②有些含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語介詞不能提前如look for/after; take care of; send for; hear from/of/about deal with等This is the baby that you will look after.

8.定語從句的主謂一致

(1)當(dāng)先行詞是 one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，定語從句的位于動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildingsdraw lots of visitorevery year.

(2)當(dāng)先行詞是 the only + one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，從句謂語用單數(shù)形式

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earthis seen from themoon.

(3)先行詞如果是整個(gè)句子，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

Great changes have taken place in China,is known to all.He has passed the driving test,surprises all of us.

9.定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化

定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為 –ing或-ed形式

The girl(who is) dancing nowjust returned from Taiwan.I love the stories(which were) written by Hemingway.The man(who stands) standing thereis my friend.

10.定語從句的解題方法

(1)判斷從句是否為定語從句 (先行詞，關(guān)系詞，定語從句)

(2)準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、賓、表、定、狀)從而正確選定使用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞

注意：

①關(guān)系代詞whose的用法。Whose在定語從句中做定語。當(dāng)先行詞是人：whose = the + 名詞 + of whom 當(dāng)先行詞是物：whose = the + 名詞 + of whichDo you know the boy whose parents / the parents of whom are on holiday?I’d like a room whose window / the window of which faces the sea.②That引導(dǎo)定語從句，名詞性從句 和 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別:定語從句中的that: 關(guān)系代詞，在后面的定語從句中做句子成分。名詞性從句中的that：從屬連詞，只起連接主從句的作用，在從句中不做句子成分。強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的that, 運(yùn)用于it is/was…that..結(jié)構(gòu);判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)，成分仍然完整。

比較：

This is the book that I am looking for. (that 引導(dǎo)定語從句)It is at Bashu middle school that I have studied for three years. (that和前面的it is構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)The fact that he stole the moneysurprised all of us.(that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--同位語從句)That he will come to the conferencehas excited all of us.(that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--主語從句)We all expect that they win, for members of their team are stronger.(that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--賓語從句)The reason for your failure isthat you lack confidence in yourself.(that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--表語從句)

定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別：

1.

被修飾的詞不同：同位語從句的前面一般是數(shù)量有限的、表示抽象意義的名詞;而定語從句的先行詞是無數(shù)的指人或物名詞。

2.

從句的作用不同：同位語從句表示同位名詞的具體內(nèi)容，而定語從句是對先行詞的限制、描繪或說明。

3.

引導(dǎo)詞不同：what, how, whether等不能用引導(dǎo)定語從句，但可用于引導(dǎo)同位從句。

4.

引導(dǎo)詞的作用不同：引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分;而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。

5.

判定定語從句和同位語從句的方法：由于同位語從句是用以說明被修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，所它可以轉(zhuǎn)換同位名詞的表語;而定語從句則不能作這種轉(zhuǎn)換。

定語從句對名詞或代詞的修飾和限制，關(guān)系詞可能是that, which, as, who, but,另一方面，句子中的It有所指;而強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是對某部分加強(qiáng)語氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣的連接詞只能是that, who，并且句子中的It沒有任何意義;一般比較明顯，而有時(shí)就難以區(qū)別，還需要根據(jù)上下文的語境來判斷。

它究竟是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是定語從句，就要從語境上來考查。如果它是用來回答What is this / that?這樣的問題，意思是：它是一本他想要的書。句子顯然是定語從句。如果是用來回答What does he want?這樣的問題，那么意思是：他想要的是一本書。顯然，句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。

關(guān)系代詞as和which的區(qū)別

關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)定語從句的不同點(diǎn)

1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中;而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句之后。

2.在非限制性定語從句中，which后的be動(dòng)詞不可省;而as后的be動(dòng)詞可以省略。

3. which在非限制性定語從句中作主語時(shí)可用各類動(dòng)詞作謂語;而as作主語時(shí)，謂語常用系動(dòng)詞，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行為動(dòng)詞。

4. as常用"正如"含義，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有as we know(眾所周知);as often happens(正如常發(fā)生的那樣);as is often the case(情況常常如此);as we all can see(正如我們看到的);be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。這些結(jié)構(gòu)常放句首，偶爾也可以放句中或句末。

5.非限制性定語從句中，which可指代主句中的某一個(gè)單詞，as不可以。

6."介詞+關(guān)系代詞(介賓代物)"中關(guān)系代詞只能用which。

7.從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是否定形式時(shí)，常用which。

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