概念

語態(tài)(Voice)是動詞的一種形式，用以表示主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。

英語的語態(tài)包括兩種形式：主動語態(tài)(active voice)和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式，一般來說，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。

主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動、主動、主去動。Many people speak English.謂語：speak的動作是由主語many people來執(zhí)行的。

被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。巧記為：被動、被動、主被動。English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者。He opened the door.他開了門。(主動句)The door was opened.門被開了。(被動句)

構(gòu)成

be + 過去分詞 ( + by + 動作執(zhí)行者)

His bicycle was stolen.The building has been built in 2000.通過上面的例句，可以看出，“被動語態(tài)”的構(gòu)成是：

形式

被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，強調(diào)動作是由什么人或什么東西而發(fā)出時，常用介詞“by +行為發(fā)出者”，即be+done+by+行為發(fā)出者。

被動語態(tài)可用于各種時態(tài)，通過助動詞be的變化來表示：

1、一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài). am / is / are + 動詞的過去分詞Our classroom is cleaned every day.This car is made in China.

2、一般過去式的被動語態(tài): was / were + 動詞的過去分詞His desk was cleaned just now.The station was built in 1928.

3、現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài): am / is / are + being + 動詞的過去分詞A new factory is being built in our city now.Some trees are being cut down in the park.

4、過去進行時的被動語態(tài): was / were + being + 動詞的過去分詞A new factory was being built in our city at that time.Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.

5、一般將來時的被動語態(tài):(A) will / shall + be + 動詞的過去分詞(B) am / is / are + going to be +動詞的過去分詞.Some new factories will be built in our city this year.Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.

6、過去將來時的被動語態(tài):(1)would / should + be + 動詞的過去分詞(2)was / were +going to be + 動詞的過去分詞.She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.

7、現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài):have / has + been + 動詞的過去分詞Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.Your watch has been mended already.

8、過去完成時的被動語態(tài):had + been + 動詞的過去分詞He said that some new factories had been built in the city.I didn’t know that my watch had been mended .

9、含情態(tài)動詞的被動式：can/may/must + be + done(1)You must hand in your homework after class.Your homework must be handed in after class.(2)He can write a letter with the computer.A letter can be written with the computer by him.

運用

第一種情況：不知道動作的執(zhí)行者，就是不知道誰干的Dan's bike was stolen last week.丹的自行車上周被偷了。My windows were broken yesterday.我的窗戶昨天被打爛了。

第二種情況：沒有必要交代動作的執(zhí)行者，就是說：不用說出來大家也知道誰干的Rice is also grown in North China.華北地區(qū)也種水稻。A new railway station will be built next year.明年要建一座新的火車站。

第三種：為了強調(diào)動作的承受者，這里我們比較一下主動和被動：Prisoners of War built the bridge.戰(zhàn)俘修建了這座橋。此句的主句是 Prisoners of War，是來回答 Who built the bridge? 這個問句，所以此句強調(diào)的是動作的執(zhí)行者---戰(zhàn)俘，交代戰(zhàn)俘做了什么事。變被動之后：The bridge was built by Prisoners of War.這座橋是被戰(zhàn)俘修建的。這樣說的話，主語變成了“the bridge”---這座橋，此句是回答 What was built? 所以此句是強調(diào)“什么被建造”即強調(diào)動作的承受者。又如：The book was written by Shi Naian.這本書是施耐庵寫的。

以上是被動語態(tài)使用的三種情況或者說時機，第三種雖然強調(diào)動作的承受者，但一般也要交代動作的執(zhí)行者，用 by + 執(zhí)行者 來表達。

主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)

1、從句子意義上說，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。

主動語態(tài)：人們說英語。People speak English in many countries.被動語態(tài)：英語被說。English is spoken in many countries..主動語態(tài)：我們造這座橋。We built this bridge last year.被動語態(tài)：這座橋被建造。This bridge was built last year.

2、從語法的角度說，把原句的賓語改成主語。主動語態(tài)：小王邀請你(賓語)Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.被動語態(tài)：你(賓語)被邀請。You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang.主動語態(tài)：你不準帶走雜志(賓語)You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.被動語態(tài)：雜志(賓語)不準被帶走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.主動語態(tài)：他們授給他(賓語)一枚獎?wù)?賓語).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.被動語態(tài)：他(賓語)被授予一枚獎?wù)?He was given a medal for his wonderful work.被動語態(tài)：一枚獎?wù)?賓語)被授給了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.

語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時所注意的問題

1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.A new computer have been bought. (錯誤)

2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：A present was given to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。(1) The book was showed to the class.(2) My bike was lent to her.2.一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。(1) A new skirt was made for me.(2) The meat was cooked for us.(3) Some country music was played for us.

3. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：不及物動詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.及物動詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。His request was turned down.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather

4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。(1) We always keep the classroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.(2) She told us to follow her instructions.→We were told to follow her instructions.注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。We often hear him play the guitar.→He is often heard to play the guitar.

5. 當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody,作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。Nobody can answer this question.誤：The question can be answered by nobody.正：The question can not be answered by anybody.

6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。They haven't done anything to make the river clean.誤：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

7. 以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首：Who wrote the story?誤：Who was the story written?正：By whom was the story written?

8. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。(1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。(2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。對比：The books sell well. (主動句)The books were sold out. (被動句)The meat didn’t cook well. (主動句)The meat was cooked for a long time. (被動句)

9. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。(1)— Do you like the material?— Yes, it feels very soft.誤：It is felt very soft.(2)The food tastes delicious.誤：The food is tasted delicious.(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful.第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。He entered the room and got his book.誤：The room was entered and his book was got.She had her hand burned.誤：Her hand was had burned.第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。The fire broke out in the capital building.誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.誤：The sun had already been risen.After the earthquake, few houses remained.誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如：I taught myself English.誤：Myself was taught English.We love each other.誤：Each other is loved.

初中教材中與被動語態(tài)相關(guān)的句型

1.be covered with被……覆蓋

2.be made of由……制作(發(fā)生物理變化)be made from由……制作(發(fā)生化學(xué)變化)be made in由(某地)制造be made by被(某人)制造3.be used for被用來……be used as被當(dāng)作(作為)……來使用be used to do sth.被用來做某事4.It is said that...據(jù)說……It is hoped that...希望……It is well known that...眾所周知……例如：

幾種特殊的被動語態(tài)

1.帶不定式的被動語態(tài)。The child is sure to be punished for that.那個孩子肯定會因為那件事受罰的。

2. 帶介詞的動詞短語的被動語態(tài)。Such a thing has never been heard of.這件事前所未聞。

3. 帶副詞的動詞短語的被動語態(tài)。The radio has just been turned off.收音機剛剛被關(guān)上。

4. 當(dāng)sell, wash, clean, run, ride, wear, write等動詞若有狀語well, easily, badly來修飾時，用主動形式表達被動意義。The pen writes well.這枝鋼筆寫字流暢。The book sells well.這本書很暢銷。

形式為主動，意義為被動。(中考難點)

1.由少數(shù)及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的不及物動詞(sell, clean, wash, cut, drive, wear, write等)，當(dāng)句子的主語為物時，可用主動形式表被動意義。The car drives well.The cloth washes easily.

2.在be worth doing, need doing中，主語是物，doing表示被動意義。The book is worth reading.The tree needs watering.

3.形容詞 cheap, dangerous, important, comfortable, interesting等接不定式做狀語時，不定式的主動形式表被動意義。The old lady is easy to get along with.The question is difficult to answer.

4.感官動詞look, sound, taste, smell, feel等，主動語態(tài)表被動意義。You look unhappy.The cake tastes delicious.

口訣

一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時用be +及物動詞的.過去分詞，be有人稱、時、數(shù)變。

完成時態(tài)have(has)done，被動將been加中間。一般將來shall(will)do，被動變do為be done。將來進行無被動，shall(will)be doing�，F(xiàn)在完成時，被動 have(has)been done。現(xiàn)、過進行be doing，被動be加being done。情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。否定助后加not，疑問一助置主前。主語恰是疑問詞，直陳語序主在前。一般情助加be done，雙賓多將間賓變。復(fù)合賓語賓變主，賓補、主補相應(yīng)變。

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