過(guò)去完成時(shí)

定義

過(guò)去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)

：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，對(duì)過(guò)去的某一點(diǎn) 造成 的某種影響或是結(jié)果，用來(lái)指在另一個(gè)過(guò)去行動(dòng)之前就已經(jīng)完成了的 事件 。在英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)中，“時(shí)“指 動(dòng)作 發(fā)生的時(shí)間，”態(tài)“指動(dòng)作的樣子和 狀態(tài) 。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“ 過(guò) 去的過(guò)去 ”， 側(cè)重 事情的結(jié)果。

He was proud of what he had done.他因自己所作的事感到自豪。上句中的was proud已經(jīng)是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，而他所做的事情又發(fā)生在感到自豪之前，所以是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，即had done。

基本構(gòu)成

主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞(done)+其他成分

肯定句：主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞I had arrived.我已經(jīng)到了。He had sent the letter.他已經(jīng)寄了這封信。

否定句：主語(yǔ)+had+not+過(guò)去分詞However,Her father had not brought her birthday presents.然而，她的父親沒(méi)有給她買(mǎi)生日禮物。

一般疑問(wèn)句：Had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞?肯定回答：Yes,主語(yǔ)+had.否定回答：No,主 語(yǔ)+had not .Had Lisa gone to costume ball ?麗莎已經(jīng)去化妝舞會(huì)了嗎?Yes,she had.是的，她去了。No,she hadn't.沒(méi)有，她沒(méi)去。

特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞或詞組+一般疑問(wèn)句(Had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞)?Why had The Castle become a memory of generation?為什么電影城堡已經(jīng)成為了一代的記憶?

標(biāo)志詞

(1)by, by the time (of), by the end of + 過(guò)去時(shí)間(2)when. before. after…….+過(guò)去時(shí)間(3)up till then (直到時(shí)); up until last night(直到昨晚)等。(4)already, just, ever, yet 等。

判斷依據(jù)

1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：

( 1 ) by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.( 2 ) by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.( 3 ) before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

( 1 )賓語(yǔ)從句中

當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )狀語(yǔ)從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意：before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

用法

1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)

2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。He told me that he had written a new book.(had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )

3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，它不能離開(kāi)過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.( had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)

Had done在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的運(yùn)用(屬于較特殊情況)：

(1)在虛擬條件句中的運(yùn)用，此時(shí)的意思要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境而定，可以與虛擬語(yǔ)氣一起來(lái)歸納。主要表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望，即與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。If I I had taken your advice, I would have got a good grade in the exam.如果我聽(tīng)取了你的建議，我將會(huì)在考試中取得好的成績(jī)。(had taken表明過(guò)去我沒(méi)有采取建議)

(2)有expect，intend，suppose(假定)，hope,think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)在句中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算，希望，愿望的意味。I expect that I had been an intern in that company.我希望我已經(jīng)是那個(gè)公司的一名實(shí)習(xí)生。(同樣地，我并不是這個(gè)公司的實(shí)習(xí)生)

(3)在If only(但愿，要是) or wish出現(xiàn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，同樣也表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望，想法。Honestly,if only I had studied in university.說(shuō)真的，要是我在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)多好!(事實(shí)上我沒(méi)有，與現(xiàn)實(shí)相反)I wish I had been awarded the prize in the sports meeting.我希望我在運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上被授予了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。(事實(shí)上獲獎(jiǎng)不存在)

在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的運(yùn)用：

一些引導(dǎo)詞 since, until, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when 等，一般可視為 "had done" 出現(xiàn)的信號(hào),從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。No sooner had Whitney Houston began to sing a song than there was an instant sensation.惠特妮·休斯頓一開(kāi)始唱歌，就引起了瞬時(shí)的轟動(dòng)。(注意：這里由于no sooner 否定前置，句子謂語(yǔ)部分倒裝，所以”had”提前)It was a long time since Darcy had lived in this city.達(dá)西住在這座城市已經(jīng)有很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。(達(dá)西在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前就住在這座城市)

重點(diǎn)

英語(yǔ)中，已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)過(guò)去一般時(shí)表示在過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，為什么還有過(guò)去完成時(shí)呢?要記住：過(guò)去完成時(shí)的關(guān)鍵概念是：假設(shè)在過(guò)去發(fā)生了兩件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B兩個(gè)事件幾乎是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那就用一般過(guò)去時(shí);但是，如果A、B兩個(gè)事件不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，怎么辦呢?那就是：哪個(gè)事件先發(fā)生，就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在上面的假設(shè)中，如果A事件先發(fā)生，A就用過(guò)去完成時(shí);如果B事件先發(fā)生，B就用過(guò)去完成時(shí);而不管兩件事是用什么樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或其它形式表示的。

例句：She said (that) she had never been to Paris.When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.

在上面的五個(gè)例子中，我們只要稍微分析一下，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：每個(gè)例子講述的內(nèi)容中，都包含著兩個(gè)(或以上)在過(guò)去發(fā)生的事件。我們將兩件事抽取出來(lái)看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后發(fā)生的：……said…… had never been to (先沒(méi)有“去”，后“說(shuō)”)……arrived……had run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”)…… had hoped ……would come……didn't (先“希望”，后才發(fā)生“沒(méi)去”)……was disappointed……had left ……arrived (先“離開(kāi)”，后“到達(dá)”和“失望”)……were writing……went ……had left (先“離開(kāi)”，后“到”和“寫(xiě)”)

難點(diǎn)

過(guò)去完成時(shí)的難點(diǎn)在于：有時(shí)候一句話(huà)中并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)事件，因此無(wú)法比較兩個(gè)事件的先后。那為什么也用過(guò)去完成時(shí)呢?

下面的例句：By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

實(shí)際上，在上面的例句中，仍然有著“先、后”之分的。不過(guò)，這次不是A、B兩件事件的先后，而是有兩個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)間的“先、后”關(guān)系。首先，句子中有個(gè)明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)：12歲。說(shuō)他“12歲”，顯然是過(guò)去式。那么，緊接著說(shuō)“他已經(jīng)開(kāi)始謀生了”，這個(gè)“謀生”是發(fā)生在“12歲”時(shí)，還是“12歲”前，還是“12歲”后?答案是肯定的：他的“謀生”發(fā)生在“12歲”之前!也就是說(shuō)，“12歲”已經(jīng)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而在“12歲”之前發(fā)生的事，當(dāng)然是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。所以，在那么多表示時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的詞中，大家要特別注意By、Until等的用法。可以說(shuō)，在講述過(guò)去的事件中，如果出現(xiàn)By……時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，很有可能要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)了。(當(dāng)然，我說(shuō)的是很有可能。) 類(lèi)似的時(shí)間表達(dá)方式還有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本含義，不管句子怎么變化，應(yīng)該沒(méi)有多大的問(wèn)題。

Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month.此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有個(gè)明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)"then"(那時(shí))，而"hadn't heard"發(fā)生在then之前(包括 then)。所以此句用的是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

再舉幾個(gè)例子，了解一下。We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.I waited until he had finished his homework.We had got to the station before 10:00

(作者:古風(fēng)語(yǔ)者)

6大�？急乇车木涫�

1.虛擬had planned to do(本計(jì)劃做而沒(méi)有做,與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)

2.倒裝主句用過(guò)去完成，when/than后的從句用一般過(guò)去。為什么?Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.我一到家天就開(kāi)始下雨。雖然到家的時(shí)間點(diǎn)和開(kāi)始下雨的時(shí)間點(diǎn)非常接近，但是嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，主句動(dòng)作到家發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作下雨之前(過(guò)去的過(guò)去)，所以用had done。

3.句式注意主語(yǔ)主從句時(shí)態(tài)，本質(zhì)上來(lái)自于現(xiàn)在完成三句式①I(mǎi)t is/has been +一段時(shí)間+since sb. did②It is the +序數(shù)詞+time that sb. have done③It is the +最高級(jí)+n +that sb. have done只需要把主從句都提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。即把主句一般現(xiàn)在提前為一般過(guò)去，把現(xiàn)在完成和一般過(guò)去提前為過(guò)去完成。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

(1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示以過(guò)去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，即：過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。He studied there two years ago.他在那兒學(xué)習(xí)了兩年。(離現(xiàn)在兩年)He said he had studied there two years ago.他說(shuō)他在那兒學(xué)習(xí)了兩年。(離他說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)兩年)

(2) 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前所連續(xù)發(fā)生的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)作時(shí)，一般用and, then, but按照動(dòng)作的先后順序連接，此時(shí)通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)而不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。He said he went the shop and bought some food.他說(shuō)他去商店買(mǎi)了一些食品。He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他進(jìn)了房間，開(kāi)燈，讀了報(bào)紙。

(3) 在沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷：先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過(guò)去分詞”;過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。

試比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒(méi)什么，我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)— John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。— Where had he been? 他去哪兒?(答語(yǔ)中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)

詳解

1.過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),這一過(guò)去的時(shí)間可由by,before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間副詞片語(yǔ)或子句或從上下文中表示出來(lái)。So I had finished ironed your shirt before you got up.所以我在你起床前就熨好了你的襯衫。I had finished typing before lunch.我在午飯前已打完字。

2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)請(qǐng)使用 'Ctrl + c'執(zhí)行復(fù)制操作表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到那個(gè)時(shí)間并可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和by或since引導(dǎo)的表示時(shí)間的片語(yǔ)或子句連用。You had done housework for 2 months when I heard your complaints.到我聽(tīng)到你的抱怨時(shí)止，你已經(jīng)做了兩個(gè)月家務(wù)了。He had studied English for five years when he took the exam.到考試時(shí)止,他已經(jīng)學(xué)了五年英語(yǔ)。

3.過(guò)去完成時(shí)請(qǐng)使用 'Ctrl + c'執(zhí)行復(fù)制操作可表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或計(jì)劃。I had hoped that you became an industrious man.我曾希望你成為一個(gè)勤勞的男人。I had hoped to pass examination.我曾希望能通過(guò)考試。

4.過(guò)去完成時(shí)請(qǐng)使用 'Ctrl + c'執(zhí)行復(fù)制操作表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、存在的狀態(tài)或表示經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)。I said I had been angry for your laziness since we married我說(shuō)自從我們結(jié)婚以來(lái)我一直為你的懶惰生氣。He said that he had been very busy since we last met.他說(shuō)自從我們上次會(huì)面以來(lái)他一直很忙。

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