現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)

1

概念引入

如何學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)態(tài)?對(duì)中學(xué)生來說，最好還是從各個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的基本概念、基本形式和基本用法學(xué)起。在過了這一階段之后，再放開步伐，通過大量的聽、讀和筆頭實(shí)踐，獲得感性的知識(shí)。現(xiàn)在，我們就從最基本的概念、形式和用法等方面來總結(jié)一種新的時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

2

用法講解

一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。

二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

1.肯定句

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句式是“have(has)+過去分詞”。

注意：

該句式中的have或has是助動(dòng)詞，has用于第三人稱單數(shù)，其它人稱一律用have。

2. 否定句：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是“haven’t(hasn’t)+過去分詞”。

3. 疑問句：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句式是把助動(dòng)詞have或has提到主語之前�；卮鹩肶es, …have(has)./ No, …haven’t(hasn’t).

三、動(dòng)詞過去分詞規(guī)則變化與不規(guī)則變化

(一)規(guī)則變化

變化規(guī)則：與動(dòng)詞過去式規(guī)則相同。

1. 一般直接在詞尾加上ed。look — looked

2. 以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加d。move — moved

3. 以y結(jié)尾，y前面是輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，變y 為i，再加ed。carry — carried

4. 部分動(dòng)詞需雙寫尾字母，加ed。stop — stopped

(二)不規(guī)則變化

不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化因詞而異。但是如果對(duì)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞做一分析，就可發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的“規(guī)則”。同學(xué)們?cè)谟洃洉r(shí)，可按下面的形式對(duì)教材后不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表進(jìn)行分析、整理。例如：

AAB型

原形	過去式	過去分詞	中文
beat	beat	beaten	打敗

ABC型

原形	過去式	過去分詞	中文
be	was / were	been	是，在…
begin	began	begun	開始
blow	blew	blown	吹
break	broke	broken	破裂、折斷

AAA型

原形	過去式	過去分詞	中文
cost	cost	cost	花費(fèi)
cut	cut	cut	砍、切、割
hit	hit	hit	打、撞

ABA型

原形	過去式	過去分詞	中文
become	became	become	成為
come	came	come	來

ABB型

原形	過去式	過去分詞	中文
understand	understood	understood	理解、明白
bring	brought	brought	帶來
build	built	built	建造
burn	burned/burnt	burned/burnt	燃燒

四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的行為對(duì)主語目前產(chǎn)生的影響。即用過去發(fā)生的某個(gè)行為來說明現(xiàn)在的某種情況。例如：

We are good friends. (現(xiàn)在的情況)我們是好朋友。

I knew him in 1997. (過去的動(dòng)作)我1997年認(rèn)識(shí)了他。

We have known each other since 1997. 我們自從1997年相互認(rèn)識(shí)。

(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過去的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來并著眼于現(xiàn)在)

(1)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。例如：

— Have you had lunch yet? 你(已經(jīng))吃午飯了嗎?

— Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 是的，吃過了。我剛剛吃過。(現(xiàn)在我不餓了)

(2)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。例如：

He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在這兒教書。(可能還要繼續(xù)教)

I haven’t seen her for four years. 我有四年沒見到她了。

(3)表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般譯為漢語“過”，常帶有twice, ever, never, three times等時(shí)間狀語。例如：

I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京兩次。

五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語

before, by now (so far), once, twice…, just, recently, yet(否/疑), already(肯), ever, never, all one’s life , in /during the past /last 5 years 例如：

We have already finished our homework. 我們已完成作業(yè)了。

They haven’t finished their homework yet. 他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。

— Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經(jīng)去過長(zhǎng)城嗎?

— I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長(zhǎng)城。

I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.

我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。

He has been there three times the last few days.

近幾天他去過那里三次了。

六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比較

1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了這部電影。(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。)

I have seen this film. 我看過這部電影了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)

2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。

一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：

yesterday;last week;…ago;in1990;in October;just now …

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：

already;ever; for;just;never;since;yet;so far;till/until;

up to now;in the past few years;recently…

3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如：

live;teach;learn;work;study;know等;

一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become等。

She joined the League three years ago.

她三年前入團(tuán)了。(加入的動(dòng)作不是延續(xù)的)

She has been in the League for three years (since three years ago).

她入團(tuán)三年了。(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)，可延續(xù))

She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago).

她入團(tuán)三年了。(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)，可持續(xù))

七、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和帶有since或for等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從某一時(shí)刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。但是，像come, arrive, buy等終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。要用，必須將其改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來表述�，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：

arrive → be here

begin(start) → be on

die →be dead

come back → be back

leave →be away

fall ill(sick, asleep)→beill(sick, asleep)

get up→be up

go out→be out

finish →be over

put on→wear或be on

open→be open

join→be in或be a member of…

close→be closed

go to school → be a student

borrow→keep

buy→have

catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)

get to know →know

begin to study→study

come to work→work

例如：

He has been a soldier for three years. 他參軍三年了。

His father has been dead for two years. 他父親去世兩年了。

The film has been on for ten minutes. 電影已開始十分鐘了。

We have studied English for three years. 我們(開始)學(xué)英語已三年了。

八、have/has gone to；have/has been to；have/has been in的區(qū)別

have/has gone to：已經(jīng)去了或在途中，還沒有返回;

have/has been to：曾經(jīng)去過某地，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了，后面可接表示“次數(shù)”的狀語;

have/has been in：表示某人“已在某地停留一段時(shí)間，現(xiàn)仍在那里”，其后常帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。例如：

— Where is Tom? Tom 在哪兒?

—He has gone to the bookshop to buy some books.

他去書店買書了。

I have been in Beijing for 5 years.

我在北京待了5年了。

Jack has been to Shanghai twice. Jack

去過上海兩次了。

鞏固練習(xí)

一、單項(xiàng)填空。

1. Li Hong has ________ the army for 2 years.

A. joined

B. be in

C. been in

D. joined in

2. We have been friends since ______.

A. children

B. five years

C. five years ago

D. five years before

3. Mike ___________ the story for a month.

A. has bought

B. has had

C. had had

D. has borrowed

4. You ______ that question three times.

A. already asked

B. have already asked

C. already have asked

D. asked already

5. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou __________.

A. since last week

B. a week ago

C. for a week

D. since a week ago

6. I _____ at this school for two years.

A. am studying

B. study

C. studied

D. have studied

7. They _________ in the city since last summer.

A. live

B. didn’t live

C. have lived

D. live

8. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _____ 1992.

A. since

B. from

C. after

D. in

9. Mr. Black _________Chinasince the summer of 1998.

A. has been to

B. has been in

C. has come to

D. came to

10. His father _______ for years.

A. has died

B. has been dead

C. died D. dies

[真題鏈接]

1. — Beibei, is Mr. Chen in the office?

— No. He for half an hour.

A. left

B. has left

C. has been away

2. — Is Miss Green in the office?

— No, she ____ to the library.

A. goes

B. had goes

C. has gone

D. would go

3. — A new shop ______ for a week nearby. Let’s have a look there.

— Good idea. But it doesn’t ____ on Mondays.

A. opened; opened

B. has been opened; open

C. has opened; opened

D. has been open; open

二、用 already或 yet填空。

1. Have they taken down the old pictures ____? No, not _______.

2. Most of us have finished our compositions ________

3. He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition ________.

三、用 since或 for填空。

1. We have learned five lessons ______ the beginning of this term.

2. Mrs. Liao has been in hospital ______last week.

3. I have stayed at my aunt’s _____two weeks.

四、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各種形式填空。

1. — Where is Jack?

— He __________ his country.

2. John __________Englandsince he came back.

3. How long __________ you __________this village?

4. The Smiths __________ Beijing for years.

5. — __________you ever __________ America?

— Yes, I __________ there many times.

6. I __________this school since three years ago.

7. — When __________ he __________?

— He __________ an hour ago.

8. — Would you like to __________ the zoo with me?

— Yes, but I __________there before.

9. — Where __________ you __________ just now?

— I __________ the zoo.

10. He often__________ swimming.

11. __________ you __________ there last year?

12. __________ they often __________skating in winter?

五、句型轉(zhuǎn)換，每空一詞。

1. He has already gone home.

He _______ _______ home _________. (否定句)

________ he ________ home _________? (一般疑問句)

2. He has lunch at home.

He ________ _________ lunch at home. (否定句)

________ he _______ lunch at home? (一般疑問句)

3. He has been there twice. (對(duì)劃線部分提問)

________ ______ _______ ________ he been there?

4. I have lunch at school. (對(duì)劃線部分提問)

________ ________ you _________ lunch.

5. They have been here since 2000.

________ ________ have they been here? (對(duì)劃線部分提問)

6. This factory opened twenty years ago.(改為同義句)

This factory________ ________ ________ for twenty years.

7. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (改為同義句)

Miss Gao _______ _______ _______ _______ an hour ago.

8. Her mother has been a Party member for three years. (改為同義句)

Her mother ______ the Party three years _______ .

9. The Green Family moved toFrancetwo years ago. (改為同義句)

_______ two years ________ the Green family moved toFrance.

10. The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子)

_______________________________

參考答案

一、單項(xiàng)填空。

1. C�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞。在此題中join是短暫性動(dòng)詞，不能與for+時(shí)間段連用，須把它改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。此題join要改成be in。這兩種詞的轉(zhuǎn)換是學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)需要注意的。

2. C�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。它的時(shí)間狀語since +表過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for +時(shí)間段連用。

3. B。在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞，在此題中buy是短暫性動(dòng)詞，不能與for +時(shí)間段連用，須把它改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。此題 buy 要改成 has had。

4. B�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果;already 應(yīng)放在have后面。

5. B。該題考查一般過去時(shí)。

6. D�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。與for +時(shí)間段連用。

7. C。since是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞。

8. A。本句為完成時(shí)態(tài)，此處應(yīng)該選擇since;“since +表過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)”是完成時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語。

9. B。與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞，come是短暫性動(dòng)詞因此選B。

10. B�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞，die是短暫性動(dòng)詞,因此要用be dead來代替。

[真題鏈接]

1. C。句意：—貝貝，陳先生在辦公室嗎?—沒有，他出去一個(gè)小時(shí)了。因?yàn)轭}中說道“他出去一個(gè)小時(shí)了”，所以到應(yīng)該用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，故選C。

2. C。句意：—格林老師在辦公室嗎?—不在，她去圖書館了。本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。由語境可知她去圖書館了，現(xiàn)在還沒回來，故選C項(xiàng)。

3. D。本題意為：—這附近有一家新開了一周的店，我們?nèi)タ匆幌掳伞?mdash;好主意，但是周一不開門。本題第一空應(yīng)該用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，第二空在助動(dòng)詞后面，應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞原形。故選D。

二、用 already或 yet填空。

1. yet; yet 2. already 3. yet

三、用 since或 for填空。

1. since 2. since 3. for

四、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各種形式填空。

1. has gone to 2. has been in 3. have; been in 4. have been in 5. Have; been to; have been

6. have been in 7. did; go; went 8. go; have been 9. did; go; went to 10. goes

11. Did; go 12. Do; go

五、句型轉(zhuǎn)換，每空一詞。

1. hasn’t gone; yet; Has; gone; yet

2. doesn’t have; Does; have

3. How many times has

4. Where do; have

5. How long

6. has been open

7. has been away since

8. joined; ago

9. It’s; since

10. The bus has been here for ten minutes

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