定語(yǔ)從句的幾種特殊現(xiàn)象

定語(yǔ)從句是起定語(yǔ)作用的,修飾,說(shuō)明名詞,代詞或句子內(nèi)容的從句,被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并在句中擔(dān)任成分的詞叫做關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。

定語(yǔ)從句是高考常考內(nèi)容之一，使用時(shí)要尤其注意以下十種特殊用法。

一、只用that不用which的情況

1、 當(dāng)先行詞是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代詞時(shí)。如： Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生的一切就像是一場(chǎng)噩夢(mèng)。 
I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞會(huì)上跟我說(shuō)的話全都告訴他。

2、 當(dāng)先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very(恰好的,表示強(qiáng)調(diào))等詞修飾時(shí)。例如： The only thing that we could do was to wait.我們能做的只是等待。 
That’s the very thing that we can do.那正是我們能做的事。

3、當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。例如： 
The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是長(zhǎng)城。 
This is the best novel that I have ever read.這是我看過(guò)的最好的小說(shuō)。

4、被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時(shí)。例如： 
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了兩條魚，把它們放在一盆水里。 你可以看到那兩條魚還活著呢。

5、主句是There be結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句宜用that作關(guān)系代詞修飾物。例句： 
There’s still a room that is free.還有一個(gè)空房間。

6、先行詞中同時(shí)包括人和物時(shí)。例如： 
We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.我們談?wù)摿宋覀冇浀玫娜撕痛遄印?
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他問(wèn)起他去過(guò)的這幾家工廠和工人的情況。

7、當(dāng)主句中有who, which時(shí)，而定語(yǔ)從句中也要用到who或which時(shí)，為了避免who…who, which…which等重疊，定語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)。例如： 
Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在門邊的那個(gè)男人是誰(shuí)? 
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你養(yǎng)的那兩頭奶牛中哪一個(gè)產(chǎn)奶多?

8、人或物在定語(yǔ)從句中表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而that通常也可以省略。例如： 
He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是過(guò)去的他。

二、修飾物時(shí)只用which不用that的情況

1、 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如： 
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，這使得他很輕。

2、 當(dāng)關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)。例如： 
This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的地方。

3、在一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that, 另一個(gè)宜用which。例如： 
 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

我來(lái)給你看我從新開(kāi)的圖書館里借來(lái)的那本小說(shuō)。

4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。例如： 
Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.

這就是我跟你說(shuō)過(guò)的會(huì)有助于你學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的那本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法書。

5、先行詞為that時(shí)。例如： 
The clock is that which can tell us the time.鐘是報(bào)時(shí)的裝置。

三、修飾人時(shí)只用who不用that的情況

1、先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those指代人時(shí)。如： 
The person I want to learn from is one who studies 
hard and works well.我最羨慕的是學(xué)習(xí)勤奮，工作出色的人。

2、在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句宜用 who關(guān)系代詞指代人。例如：
There’s a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想見(jiàn)你。

3、當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)。例如： 
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.昨天下午我在公園里遇到一位中文講得非常好的外國(guó)人。

4、一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞是that, 另一個(gè)宜用who以避免重復(fù)。The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.受到校長(zhǎng)表?yè)P(yáng)的學(xué)生是位謙虛好學(xué)的班長(zhǎng)。

注意：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)，只能用whom。例如： 
The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.這封信的收信人三年前就去世了。

四、way在定語(yǔ)從句作先行詞的用法

當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞可用in which, that或省略引導(dǎo)詞。

例如： 
I don’t like the way (that /in which)he looks at me. 我不喜歡他那種樣子看著我。

五、在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)的關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的用法

1、先行詞表示時(shí)間時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞+ which; 如果是及物動(dòng)詞，用which或that都行。例如： 
I still remember the days when(=on which)we lived together.我仍然記得我們?cè)谝黄鸬臅r(shí)光。

2、先行詞表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，如果定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，用關(guān)系副詞where或介詞+which; 如果是及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用which或that都可以。例如： 
This is the small village where (=in which) Chairman Mao ever lived. 這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)居住過(guò)的小村莊。

3、 表示原因時(shí)，why前的先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason。例如： 
Can you tell me the reason why (=for which) you didn’t finish your homework? 你能告訴我你沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)的原因嗎?

六、whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

Whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其先行詞可以指人，也可以指物，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，可以用the+名詞+of which的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 
 He studies in a school whose buildings(=the buildings of which) are built on top of a hill.

他就讀的學(xué)校其房子都建在山頂上。

七、as作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

1、引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。在主句中常有the same, so或such與as相呼應(yīng), as在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。as引出的定語(yǔ)從句帶有比較意義，從句常常只寫出比較部分，但as本身不可省略。例如：

He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在課文中可以找到的那些詞語(yǔ)。 
They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.他們?cè)谒麄冊(cè)�租用過(guò)的同一房間過(guò)夜。 
注意：在the same…后也可用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但含義有所不同。that引出的從句，指的是與先行詞同一的事物，而as引導(dǎo)的從句指的是與先行詞同類的事物。例如： 
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.這個(gè)包和我昨天丟失的包的樣子是同樣的。 
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.這就是我昨天丟失的那個(gè)包。

2、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。帶主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。常譯為“正如-------”“就像------”等，定語(yǔ)從句可以置于主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等動(dòng)詞的主、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

例如： 
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.正如大家所知道的那樣，月球每月繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。 
He wasn’t unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知覺(jué)，這從他的眼神可以看出來(lái)。

注意：as, which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

1)、都可以代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that.

2)、as可放在句首，而which不能。

3)、as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞;如果為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which. 例如： 
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天下大雨，這使得我不能去公園。

八、of短語(yǔ)作為定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞的情況

one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)后面的定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，與定語(yǔ)從句所靠近的那個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。

但如果one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)前面帶有the/only/the only之類的限定語(yǔ)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要用單數(shù)形式，此時(shí)從句在意義上修飾的是the one.

例如： 
Tom is one of the boys who were late that morning. 湯姆是那天早晨遲到的男生之一。 
Tom is the (only/the only )one of the boys who was late that morning.湯姆是那天早上唯一遲到的男生。

九、that有時(shí)可用作關(guān)系副詞來(lái)代替when, 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞，如day, time, moment等。

例如： 
I arrived here the day that (=when) he left.我是在他離開(kāi)的那天到達(dá)這兒的。 
He worked hard the whole time that (=when)he lived here.他在這里的整個(gè)時(shí)間工作都很努力。

十、than和but也可用作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

1、than用作關(guān)系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。

例如： 
You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 
你花的錢超過(guò)了預(yù)定的數(shù)額。(than是關(guān)系代詞，在句中作主語(yǔ),其先行詞是money)

2、 but作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般同具有否定意義的主句連用，其先行詞可以是人，也可以是物，但只用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。

例如: 
 There was not a single student in my class but learnt a lot from him.(but=who did not)我班上每一個(gè)學(xué)生都從他那里學(xué)到了很多東西。 
 因此，在這種句子中，but在意義上等于“that...not”，“who...not”，“which...not”。

修飾物體時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that和 which的區(qū)分

使用that的情況：

1.當(dāng)先行詞是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代詞時(shí)。

e.g. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?

2.當(dāng)先行詞被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修飾時(shí)。

e.g. I have some books that are very good.

3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。

e.g. This is the first book that I bought myself.

The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.

4.主句是以which或who開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)

e.g. Which is the bike that you lost?

Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting.

5.當(dāng)先行詞在從句和主句中都作表語(yǔ)時(shí),無(wú)論先行詞是人還是物.

China is no longer the country that she was.

6.如有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,其中一個(gè)已用which引導(dǎo),另一個(gè)宜用that .

Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

7.在there be句型中,只用that.

He asked for the latest book (that) there is on the subject.

8.當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the last, the next, the only 等詞修飾時(shí)。

e.g. This is the very book that I lost yesterday.

9.當(dāng)先行詞又有人又有物時(shí)。

e.g. I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.

只能使用which的情況。

1、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。

e.g. Mary has a book, which is very precious.

2、在介詞之后。

e.g. This is a house in which lives an old man.

3、當(dāng)主句中的主語(yǔ)被that修飾時(shí)。

e.g. That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.

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