賓語從句

一、定義

在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。

二、連接詞

that: I think that you can pass the exam.

Whether/if: I don’t know what the word means.

“Wh”: I don’t know what the word means.

I don’t know where he found the book.

只用whether的情況：

1. 與or not連用：

I don’t know whether it’s raining or not.

2. 與動詞不定式連用：

He doesn’t know whether to accept the invitation.

3. 連接詞前有介詞時：

It depends on whether he is coming.

三、時態(tài)

1. 主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實際情況而定(各種時態(tài)均可)

She wants to know what he has done for the exam.

2.主句是一般過去時態(tài)，從句用相應的過去的時態(tài)。

1)She said that she was a student.

2)She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.

3)She said that she had finished her homework already.

3. 如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

定語從句

一、定義

在復合句中修飾名詞、代詞的從句叫定語從句。

二、先行詞

先行詞指人 who /that

先行詞指物 which/ that

定語從句一般緊跟被修飾的名詞或代詞(即先行詞)后

三、關系代詞

關系代詞代替先行詞在句子中擔當成分，所以從句中不可再出現(xiàn)其他代替先行詞的代詞

四、翻譯方法 “…. 的”

Whom:

先行詞指人，則代替先行詞在定語從句中充當賓語(包括介詞的賓語), 與who的區(qū)別是如果前面帶介詞則必須用whom

1. This is the teacher whom\who we like best.

2. I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking.

Whose :

指人或物，作定語，表示 “…的”

eg: Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher.

關系代詞只能 that 的特殊情況：

1.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞修飾時：

This is the first gift that my parents bought me.

2.先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時：

This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen.

3. 先行詞是不定代詞something, anything等時.

e.g. Is there anything that you want in this shop

4. 先行詞是人和物時, 用that.

e.g. He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all.

5. 先行詞被all , little , the only , the very(就是，正是), the last 等詞修飾時,只能用that

e.g. This is the last place that I want to visit.

6. 特殊疑問句以who 或which 開頭，只能用that引導.

Who is the girl that is making a speech on the platform?

當關系代詞前使用介詞時：

物+介詞+which ; 人+ 介詞 + whom

當關系代詞前使用介詞時：

e.g. 1. This is the train by which we went to Beijing.

2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking.

狀語從句

一、定義

在復合句中由從句表示的狀語稱作狀語從句，它可以用來修飾謂語(包括非謂語動詞)、定語或狀語，或是整個句子。

二、狀語從句一般分為八大類

時間狀語從句 地點狀語從句

原因狀語從句 目的狀語從句

結(jié)果狀語從句 條件狀語從句

方式狀語從句 讓步狀語從句

1. 時間狀語從句

When

---當……時候, 通常指某一特定的時間點，主句與從句的動作同時發(fā)生。

When I opened the window, I saw him come up.

When

--- 正在……的時候，突然…。通常主句是進行時或 be about to 時，在翻譯的時候，when 可以譯成沒想到或突然。

I was walking along the street , when I met him.

When 當從句是進行時，主句是一般時，往往表示不滿。

Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast.

When=after

When the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons.

While

---在……期間，往往指一段時間。

While we were inAmerica, we saw him twice.

While

---表示一種不滿情緒，意思是這邊在干某種重要的事，而另一邊在享受等。

We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football.

As

--- 一邊……一邊, 隨著

She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music.

As

--- 當……時，指一個動作緊接著一個動作發(fā)生，從句通常用進行時。

As I was going out, it began to rain.

The moment

--- 一……就…… =as soon as , immediately,

---Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?

---Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her.

Not… until

--- 直到……才

He didn’t leave the office until he finished the work.

Before

--- 在……之前

The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs.

After

--- 在…… 之后

The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.

Since

---自從……, 通常主句用現(xiàn)在完成時

I have never been there again since I graduated from the university.

It is just a week since we arrived here.

As soon as

--- 一……就……

Jack went to school as soon as he got well.

No sooner than

--- 一……就……

no sooner… than

… 用于句首要求倒裝

Hardly …when…

Scarcely …when…

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

Once

--- 一但……就……

Once you see him, you will never forget him.

Every time, each time

每次每當

Each time he came to town, he would visit our school.

2. 條件狀語從句

引導狀語從句的連接詞有：

If如果, unless除非, as long as只要, As (so) far as --- 據(jù)……所知，in case萬一, provided that假如, on condition that若是，以…為條件

If

---如果

If you don’t hurry up, you will miss the plane.

Unless

--- 如果不, 除非=if not

We can’t get there on time unless we book the earliest flight

As long as

--- 只要

We will succeed as long as we keep on trying.

As (so) far as

--- 據(jù)……所知

As far as I know, he speaks English very well.

In case

--- 假使, 如果

The plane cannot take off in case it rains.

Provided that

如果,有時省略 that

The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.

On condition that

--- 條件是…

He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak.

注:主從句的動作發(fā)生在將來時，則主句用將來時, 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。

If he arrives tomorrow, I will be waiting for him at the airport.

3. 地點狀語從句

地點狀語從句只有兩個連詞: Where, wherever

Where

--- 在……地方

Where there is a will, there is a way.

Wherever

--- 無論哪里

Wherever you are, I will be right there waiting for you.

4. 原因狀語從句

because, as, since, now that, 和considering that, seeing that 這六個連詞都用于表示表示原因, 但在語氣上一個比一個弱.

Because

--- 因為,通常從句放在主句后.

Mr Smith was very upset because he couldn’t find his luggage.

As

--- 因為, 通常放在句首

As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him.

Since

---既然 因語氣較弱, 常譯為既然(眾所周知的原因)

Since everybody has come, we can set off.

Now that

--- 既然

Now that you are here, you can join us.

considering that

--- 顧及到

Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.

seeing that

--- 由于

Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.

5. 結(jié)果狀語從句

引導結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：that, so that, so…that…

such…that So… that

--- 太……以至于 so 后面應用形容詞或副詞, 有時省略so只用that

Boeing 747 is so large that people like to call it jet bomb噴氣炸彈.

So that

--- 因而，以便，為了 有時so 可以省去

Speak louder please so that the people at the back can hear you.

Such …that…

---太……以至于 用法與so…that相同，但such 后面應用名詞。

The foreign visitor was such a fast speaker that nobody could understand him.

6. 目的狀語從句

引導目的狀語從句的主要連詞有: that, so that, in order that, for fear that, lest

(So) that

--- 以便, 從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動詞，如：can, could, may, might, should等

Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.

in order that

--- 為了, 與so that 相同從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動詞，

如：can, could, may, might, should等

School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.

for fear that

--- 生怕; 為了防止(某事發(fā)生)

He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.

in case

--- 萬一

You should bring a dictionary in case you need it.

Lest

--- 以防萬一

The man decided to tell his boss the fact lest he would be angry with him.

7. 讓步狀語從句

引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有：Although, though, as, even if, even though, no matter, however, whatever, while, whether.

Although, though

---雖然 although 和though 可以互換，但although 常放在句首。Though可以用于倒裝。

Although it was raining, the plane managed to take off.

Though he did his best, he didn’t succeed.

As

--- 盡管 as 引導讓步狀語從句時，句子通常倒裝�？膳cthough 互換。

Busy as he is, he never misses a football match.

Even if /even though

---即使

Even if you don’t like your boss, you should do your work.

However

--- 不論， however 引導讓步狀語從句時，句子通常倒裝

He couldn’t get there on time however fast he drove.

No matter (what, when, where, how)

---無論(什么，何時，何地，怎樣)

He wouldn’t forgive me no matter how hard I begged him.

Whatever

--- 不管

Whatever other people may say, she won’t change her mind.

While

---盡管

While I have sympathy for you, I can’t help you.

Whether

---不管，常與or not 連用

Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.

8. 方式狀語從句

方式狀語從句常由: as, as if, as though

as

---與…… 一樣

Do in Rome as the Romans do.

as if, as though

--- 仿佛, 由as if或 as though引導的從句中可用虛擬語氣

She stood at the door as if (=as though) she were waiting for someone.

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